global_assessment

=**Process One: Economic Development**= Before the Industrial Revolution, travel was limited to just a very small group. The Industrial Revolution caused huge social and economic changes to tourism, although these were only gradual in the first 100 years. With increasing employment in industry, workers began to earn higher wages, were no longer tied to the land and gained holiday rights from the workplace. They often wanted to get out of the city for recreation and leisure. In 1936, the International Labour Organisation provided one week's holiday per year for workers in developed countries. In 1970 this was expanded to three weeks, and in 1999 to four weeks.

The increasing affluence of more and more people, increased car ownership and the use of caravans also added to the boom in tourism after the 1950s. Many people in wealthy nations even bought their own holiday homes in resorts and by the sea.

Since the 1970s there has been a large increase in disposable incomes. In the 1974 in the UK, spending on leisure was 11% of household income, but this rose to 18% in 2001 - a national total of £83 billion (National Statistics UK, 2002)

The increase in tourist numbers was also helped by the falling real cost of air travel. Between 1978 and 1998 the real cost of air travel fell by 35% (Air Travel Association). A thousand miles of air travel now requires 61 hours less work than it did a generation ago.

All these factors have caused a large increase in the global tourist numbers. A trend the World Tourism Organisation expects to continue in the future.

=**Process Two - Motivation and Marketing**=

Motivation
There are many different tourist types and the reasons for travel have expanded in recent years. Some tourists are young and some are older. Some are wealthy and enjoy shopping, others enjoy exciting adventure holidays. Adventure tourism** There has been a huge increase in the demand for adventure tourism in the last 20 years. This has increased the demand for tourism in countries that offer that experience. This includes New Zealand (12% increase in 2005), Malaysia (48% increase) and China (26% increase) Eco-tourism or nature-tourism is travelling to a new place because of an interest in the environment, for example scenery, plants and animals. Eco-tourism was first introduced in Africa in the 1950s but now is one of the fastest growing forms of tourism. The United Nations reports that in 2007 eco-tourism was growing by between 10-15% per year. Many developing countries have seen eco-tourism as a way of using their natural resources to develop tourism. For example, monarch butterfly viewing in Mexico, squirrel monkeys in Costa-Rica, African animals in Tanzania and Kenya, and whale watching in the Pacific. The growth in adventure tourism and eco-tourism have both increased tourism in developing countries
 * Examples:
 * Eco-tourism**

Marketing
Countries spend a lot of money selling their country as a tourist destination. Developing countries like Vietnam and China have promoted the exciting and interesting things that you can do in their countries. This has increased tourist demand in developing countries. Currently China is spending a huge amount of money promoting itself before the next Olympic Games. The Chinese Government reports that tourism has grown by 13% annually in recent years.

Vietnam has successfully marketed itself in Europe as 'natural' and 'unspoilt'. In 2007 tourist numbers grew by 9%, second only to China, with 55% of tourists coming from Europe. Vietnam expects 6 million international arrivals by 2010. The Government's policy is to target wealthy tourists from Europe and America to avoid the 'budget' tourist developments in countries like Indonesia and Thailand.

New Zealand in 2004 was marketed in the USA as the home of the Lord of the Rings. New Zealand spent $15 million on advertisements and billboards on roads in the USA promoting New Zealand.

Effective marketing has helped developing countries increase their share of tourism.

=Process 3: Improving Transportation Technology=

Use the key points to write 4 paragraphs about improving transportation technology

One of the most important factors affecting tourism has been improving transportation technology....


 * Paragraph 1 - Past**

19th Century - steam power = trains and ships slow, network not developed. 1870 - Suez Canal in Egypt opens (how did this increase tourism? - especially to Asia, Australia & New Zealand?) 1938 P&O Shipping - started the first trips to Asia by ship

In the 20th Century, improving technology helped people travel further and faster... eg. travel from London to Sydney: 1960=6 weeks by sea sometimes through bad weather, now=22 hours by airplane. Roads improved since 1950s 1974 - USA = 70,000km of freeways Channel Tunnel between England and France - opens in 1994 (impact?)
 * Paragraph 2 - 20th Century**


 * Paragraph 3 - Air travel**

1958 - Boeing introduced first jumbo jet (the Boeing 707) What 2 things did this increase? Hint: sp _ _ d t_ _ v_ _ d _ _ _ t _ _ _ e

The development of jumbo jets made it easier for European and American visitors to easily travel to the Pacific and Asia. These destinations were previously too distant from the wealthy tourists in the North.

1995 - Airbus introduces the A380 - 2 passenger decks, carries 840 passengers, airplane range = 10,000 miles. How could this explain the increasing number of tourists who are travelling further?

2007 - Boeing releases the 787 Dreamliner. What features have made this plane a success? Why would tourists find flying in this plane more comfortable? How could this explain the increasing distance of travel? Boeing 787 - ABC News Boeing 787 - Boeing promotional video

Today nearly every country has a national airline, and there are international airports in most of the world's major cities.

Transportation methods, for example airplanes, trains and ships have developed quickly. Manufacturers compete to increase size, speed, seat capacity, range, passenger comfort and fuel efficiency. These developments make travelling more comfortable and cheaper. It also has enabled tourists to travel further as it becomes easier for tourists to travel to more distant destinations in a shorter amount of time.
 * Paragraph 4 Conclusion.......**

Example: =Process 3: Improving Transportation Technology=

One of the most important factors affecting tourism has been improving transportation technology. In the 19th Century, people used steam power (ships & trains) to travel. This was slow and the network was not well developed. In 1938, P&O Shipping started to take tourists to Asia. This was made much easier by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1870.

In the 20th Century, improving technology helped people travel further and faster. For example, travel from London to Sydney took six weeks in 1960 but only 22 hours now. Roads have also improved a lot since the 1950s. In 1974 the USA had over 70,000km of freeways. Europe became more inter-connected by large motorways. The Channel Tunnel opened in 1994. This made travel between the UK and Europe much easier.

In 1958, Boeing introduced the first jumbo jet (the Boeing 707). This increased both travel distance and speed. The development of jumbo jets made it easier for European and American visitors to easily travel to the Pacific and Asia. These destinations were previously too distant from the wealthy tourists in the North. In 1995, Airbus sold the first A380. This plane has two decks and can take 840 passengers over 10,000 miles. In 2007, Boeing released the 787 Dreamliner. This airplane uses plastics to decrease weight so it uses 20% less fuel. The cabin is also much more comfortable than previous planes. This makes air travel over long distances a more pleasant experience than in the past. Today nearly every country has a national airline, and there are international airports in most of the world's major cities.

Transportation methods, for example airplanes, trains and ships have developed quickly. Manufacturers compete to increase size, speed, seat capacity, range, passenger comfort and fuel efficiency. These developments make travelling more comfortable and cheaper. It also has enabled tourists to travel further as it becomes easier for tourists to travel to more distant destinations in a shorter amount of time.